Key Drivers of Social-Cultural and Traditional Morals in Implementing Land Use Policy in Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31663/utjes.15.1.672Keywords:
Land use policy, Land tenure, Land rights, Traditional morals, Iraq land managementAbstract
This study investigates the key drivers influencing the implementation of land use policy (ILUP) in Iraq, with an emphasis on the role of social, cultural, and traditional moral values. The research examines how these factors shape ILUP outcomes, serving both as facilitators and obstacles in the tenure management process in Iraq. Through five distinct historical periods, starting from the Ottoman era through to the post-2003 period, the study identifies the predominant social norms and cultural practices that impact land use decisions within the ILUP framework. The research further explores how traditional morals contribute to community cohesion while also posing challenges to the adoption of modern land use practices. The findings underscore the necessity of integrating these deeply rooted social and cultural dynamics within ILUP to ensure the successful implementation of land use policies in Iraq, balancing the respect for tradition with the need for sustainable land management strategies. Results highlight the need for a comprehensive understanding of the rooted influence of local old-style morals and the need for legal transformations to shape ILUP structures in the Iraqi contemporary context.
References
Al-Jawaheri, Y. H. (2008). Women in Iraq: The gender impact of international sanctions. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Al-Nasiri, K. S. (1978). Landlords, lineages and land reform in an Iraqi village. Durham University.
Al-ossmi, L. H., & Ahmed, V. (2015). Land tenure security according to land registration systems in Iraq.
Al-Ossmi, L. H., & Ahmed, V. (2016). Land tenure administration: Towards a regulatory backdrop to land tenure in Iraq. Land Use Policy, 57, 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.016
Al-ossmi, L. H. M. (2023). Beyond Individual Ownership: Women’s and Men’s Land Tenure Rights inIraqi Heritage Systems. Journal of Planner and Development, 28(3), 36–72. https://jpd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jpd/article/view/421
Al-ossmi, L. H. M. (2024). Land tenure administration in Iraq: Quantitative analysis and a comprehensive evaluation. Land Use Policy, 141, 107092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107092
Al-Rawi, A. K. (2010). Iraqi women journalists’ challenges and predicaments. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 3(3), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1386/jammr.3.3.223_1
Ali, Z. (2018). Women and gender in Iraq: Between nation-building and fragmentation (Vol. 51). Cambridge University Press.
Ali, Z. (2019). Women’s Rights and Western Imperialism in Iraq: Past Meets Present. In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism (pp. 1–15). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_135-1
Ali, Z. (2020). The Fragmentation of Gender in Post-Invasion Iraq. In A. Ghazal & J. Hanssen (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Middle Eastern and North African History (pp. 426–443). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672530.013.42
Bektaş, E. (2015). The “Tanzimat State” in the Ottoman Iraq: Tribes, Ideology/Shiism and taxation, 1830-1910.
Brown, L., & Romano, D. (2006). Women in Post-Saddam Iraq: One Step Foward or Two Steps Back? NWSA Journal, 18(3), 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1353/nwsa.2006.0046
Charrad, M. M. (2011). Gender in the Middle East: Islam, State, Agency. Annual Review of Sociology, 37(1), 417–437. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102554
DAMLUJI, M. (2010). “Securing Democracy in Iraq”: Sectarian Politics and Segregation in Baghdad, 2003-2007. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 21(2), 71–87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41758725
FAO. (2022). VOLUNTARY GUIDELINES ON THE Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Foests in the Context of National Food Security.
Hoque, K. A., Uddin, M. J., & Islam, M. S. (2013). Inheritance rights of women in Islamic law: An assessment. International Journal of Islamic Thoughts, 2(1), 45–58.
Ismael, J. S., & Ismael, S. T. (2007). Iraqi women under occupation: from tribalism to neo-feudalism. International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies, 1(2), 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijcis.1.2.247_1
Ismael, J. S., & Ismael, S. T. (2009). Living through war, sanctions and occupation: the voices of Iraqi women. International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies, 2(3), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijcis.2.3.409_1
Ismael, T. Y., & Ismael, J. S. (2015). Iraq in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315736631
Jawad, S. N., & Al-Assaf, S. I. (2024). The Iraqi youth October 2019 Uprising (Tishreen intifada): Reality and prospects. Journal of Contemporary Iraq & the Arab World, 18(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00126_1
Kaya, S. Y. (2014). Land use, peasants and the republic: Debates on land reform in Turkey, 1923-1945.
Mustafa, M. H., Albasri, naseer A. H., & Aliasghar, M. S. (2022). The Role of Information Technologies in the Management and Sustainability of Land Use in Future Cities. Journal of Planner and Development, 27(1), 1–18. https://jpd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jpd/article/view/331
Priyadi, U., Achiria, S., Imron, M. A., & Zandi, G. R. (2023). Waqf management and accountability: Waqf land financing models for economic wellbeing. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 13(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.55493/5002.v13i1.4696
Tareq Y. Ismael, J. S. I. (2015). Iraq in the Twenty-First Century Regime Change and the Making of a Failed State. https://www.routledge.com/Iraq-in-the-Twenty-First-Century-Regime-Change-and-the-Making-of-a-Failed-State/Ismael-Ismael/p/book/9781138102088?srsltid=AfmBOoryQn9l7UoQ7UwLLKn-pYbmx9bJuzND1icys1N12CoZgBRz8smD
Tuğ, B. (2014). Gender and Ottoman Social History. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 46(2), 379–381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743814000178
Unger, E.-M., Lemmen, C., & Bennett, R. (2023). Women’s access to land and the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM): Requirements, modelling and assessment. Land Use Policy, 126, 106538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106538
Wodon, Q. (2015). Islamic Law, Women’s Rights, and State Law: The Cases of Female Genital Cutting and Child Marriage. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2015.1075762
Zhllima, E., Pojani, D., Merkaj, E., & Imami, D. (2021). Gender gaps and policy implications in land ownership and inheritance. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3773427
Al-Jawaheri, Y. H. (2008). Women in Iraq: The gender impact of international sanctions. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Al-Nasiri, K. S. (1978). Landlords, lineages and land reform in an Iraqi village. Durham University.
Al-ossmi, L. H., & Ahmed, V. (2015). Land tenure security according to land registration systems in Iraq.
Al-Ossmi, L. H., & Ahmed, V. (2016). Land tenure administration: Towards a regulatory backdrop to land tenure in Iraq. Land Use Policy, 57, 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.016
Al-ossmi, L. H. M. (2023). Beyond Individual Ownership: Women’s and Men’s Land Tenure Rights inIraqi Heritage Systems. Journal of Planner and Development, 28(3), 36–72. https://jpd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jpd/article/view/421
Al-ossmi, L. H. M. (2024). Land tenure administration in Iraq: Quantitative analysis and a comprehensive evaluation. Land Use Policy, 141, 107092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107092
Al-Rawi, A. K. (2010). Iraqi women journalists’ challenges and predicaments. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 3(3), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1386/jammr.3.3.223_1
Ali, Z. (2018). Women and gender in Iraq: Between nation-building and fragmentation (Vol. 51). Cambridge University Press.
Ali, Z. (2019). Women’s Rights and Western Imperialism in Iraq: Past Meets Present. In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism (pp. 1–15). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_135-1
Ali, Z. (2020). The Fragmentation of Gender in Post-Invasion Iraq. In A. Ghazal & J. Hanssen (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Middle Eastern and North African History (pp. 426–443). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672530.013.42
Bektaş, E. (2015). The “Tanzimat State” in the Ottoman Iraq: Tribes, Ideology/Shiism and taxation, 1830-1910.
Brown, L., & Romano, D. (2006). Women in Post-Saddam Iraq: One Step Foward or Two Steps Back? NWSA Journal, 18(3), 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1353/nwsa.2006.0046
Charrad, M. M. (2011). Gender in the Middle East: Islam, State, Agency. Annual Review of Sociology, 37(1), 417–437. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102554
DAMLUJI, M. (2010). “Securing Democracy in Iraq”: Sectarian Politics and Segregation in Baghdad, 2003-2007. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 21(2), 71–87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41758725
FAO. (2022). VOLUNTARY GUIDELINES ON THE Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Foests in the Context of National Food Security.
Hoque, K. A., Uddin, M. J., & Islam, M. S. (2013). Inheritance rights of women in Islamic law: An assessment. International Journal of Islamic Thoughts, 2(1), 45–58.
Ismael, J. S., & Ismael, S. T. (2007). Iraqi women under occupation: from tribalism to neo-feudalism. International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies, 1(2), 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijcis.1.2.247_1
Ismael, J. S., & Ismael, S. T. (2009). Living through war, sanctions and occupation: the voices of Iraqi women. International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies, 2(3), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijcis.2.3.409_1
Ismael, T. Y., & Ismael, J. S. (2015). Iraq in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315736631
Jawad, S. N., & Al-Assaf, S. I. (2024). The Iraqi youth October 2019 Uprising (Tishreen intifada): Reality and prospects. Journal of Contemporary Iraq & the Arab World, 18(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00126_1
Kaya, S. Y. (2014). Land use, peasants and the republic: Debates on land reform in Turkey, 1923-1945.
Mustafa, M. H., Albasri, naseer A. H., & Aliasghar, M. S. (2022). The Role of Information Technologies in the Management and Sustainability of Land Use in Future Cities. Journal of Planner and Development, 27(1), 1–18. https://jpd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jpd/article/view/331
Priyadi, U., Achiria, S., Imron, M. A., & Zandi, G. R. (2023). Waqf management and accountability: Waqf land financing models for economic wellbeing. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 13(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.55493/5002.v13i1.4696
Tareq Y. Ismael, J. S. I. (2015). Iraq in the Twenty-First Century Regime Change and the Making of a Failed State. https://www.routledge.com/Iraq-in-the-Twenty-First-Century-Regime-Change-and-the-Making-of-a-Failed-State/Ismael-Ismael/p/book/9781138102088?srsltid=AfmBOoryQn9l7UoQ7UwLLKn-pYbmx9bJuzND1icys1N12CoZgBRz8smD
Tuğ, B. (2014). Gender and Ottoman Social History. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 46(2), 379–381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743814000178
Unger, E.-M., Lemmen, C., & Bennett, R. (2023). Women’s access to land and the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM): Requirements, modelling and assessment. Land Use Policy, 126, 106538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106538
Wodon, Q. (2015). Islamic Law, Women’s Rights, and State Law: The Cases of Female Genital Cutting and Child Marriage. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2015.1075762
Zhllima, E., Pojani, D., Merkaj, E., & Imami, D. (2021). Gender gaps and policy implications in land ownership and inheritance. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3773427
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s), under exclusive license to the University of Thi-Qar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
